Narrowing the gender digital divide in Pakistan: Mobile phone ownership and female labor force participation

The unprecedented growth in access to mobile phones and smartphones has opened up new possibilities the way people live work. However, women developing countries are unable take advantage of this due certain factors socio-cultural norms that give rise gender digital divide. In study, using nationally representative Pakistan Social Living Standards Measurement Survey (2019–2020), we investigate rural–urban (female) divide a country with one most considerable divides. Furthermore, employ an instrumental variable approach study effect or smartphone ownership on female labor force participation. results indicate institutional sociocultural explain gap between men women. demonstrates increases participation force. We also find differences observable characteristics, especially literacy education, among females. Considering importance facilitating women's supply decisions, providing tools upskilling them wider implications for their economic well-being.